Earth Observation
Earth Observation
EO
Articles | Volume 1, issue 1
Articles | Volume 1, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/eo-1-43-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/eo-1-43-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 1, issue 1
Research article
 | 
06 Aug 2026
Research article |  | 06 Aug 2026

Reducing false alarms in urban flood detection: an enhanced NDWI (ENDWI) with Hybrid Max Fusion on Sentinel-2 Data

Abdulrhman M. Almoadi

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Short summary

Urban floods are difficult to detect accurately in satellite imagery because non-water surfaces often resemble floodwater, causing false alarms. This study introduces an enhanced normalized difference water index (ENDWI), derived from the normalized difference water index (NDWI), combined with a second hybrid index to reduce these false alarms using freely available Sentinel-2 imagery. False alarms were reduced from 38 % to under 3 %, offering a more reliable, low-cost approach to urban flood mapping.

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